This site offers a variety of links to sites on the Jivaro organized by language, culture and history, and literary works written on the Jivaro. The site is reputable because it is associated with the linguist Laura Redish who works to preserve Indian languages. Also, the site offers other scholarly sources for viewers to examine.
Nunink, Wendy Girard
Shuar: Talking with Ecuadorian Amazon Medicine Men. Electronic document, http://www.ratical.org/LifeWeb/Articles/shuar.html, accessed . October 22, 2007
This website is a translation of interviews with medicine man Elisabet Sahtouris, who describes Jivaro religious traditions, calendar, and the importance of women in the culture. The site can be considered scholarly in that it is a direct account of a member of the Jivaro tribe.
Schniter, Eric
Jivaroans/Ethnography. Electronic document, http://www.uweb.ucsb.edu/%7Eeschniter/AMAZONIA/ethno.html, accessed . October 22, 2007
This site gives an overview of aspects of Jivaro culture, including subsistence patterns, shamanism, and head-hunting. The site can be considered scholarly because it sites scholarly sources both within the document, and at the end of the page.
END
[Shamiran Warda, sw11@geneseo.edu, 10/22]
Steel, Daniel
1999 Trade Goods and Jívaro Warfare: The Shuar 1850–1957, and the Achuar, 1940–1978. The American Society for Ethnohistory. Electronic Document. http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/ethnohistory/v046/46.4steel.html, accessed October 22, 2007.
Abstract: This article discusses the warfare, historical and cultural background of the Jivaro. This website is scholarly in that it provides notes and references for all information at the very end. In addition, the way it is written and broken up indicates that the author put forth a great deal of time, for instance before the author started writing his findings he let the reader what the main abstract of his work would reveal.
University of California: Stanta Barbara
2000 The Shuar: Hunter-Horticulturalist Amazonians of Southeast EcuadorOctober 22, 2007. . Electronic Document, http://www.uweb.ucsb.edu/%7Eeschniter/AMAZONIA/index.html, accessed
Abstract: This website discuss numerous topics about the Jivaro people, from where their name originated from to where the live and how they live, which I must say was very interesting to read about. This website is scholarly in that it not only covers a wide range of details on this group of people but in that it provides sources at the very end of each section. Lastly, this website is linked to the University of California; therefore, the information provided can be indeed trusted.
Rubenstein, Steven Lee
2007 Circulation, Accumulation and the Power of the Shrunken Heads. anthrosource. Electronic Document. http://www.anthrosource.net/doi/pdfplus/10.1525/can.2007.22.3.357, accessed October 22, 2007.
Abstract:** This article briefly discussed the Jivaro background and then went in a greater depth talking about the Jivaro’s ritual of shrunken heads. What makes this article a scholarly article is that it is up to date and is publication in the journal Cultural Anthropology by the university presses. The information provided is also very useful and well written.
[Dan Lilly, djl5@geneseo.edu, 10/22/07]
Schniter, Eric
2000 Jivaroans/Ethnography. Electronic document. http://www.uweb.ucsb.edu/~eschniter/AMAZONIA/ethno.html, October 22, 2007
This very informative site has a great amount of information on the Jivaro, with links to information about each specific tribe. Obviously, it discusses the tsantsa and shamans as well as subsistence strategies and gender roles. Schniter is a professor of Anthropology at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
Steel, Daniel
1999 Trade Goods and Jivaro Warfare: The Shuar 1850-1957, and the Achuar, 1940-1978. Ethnohistory 46(4), http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0014-1801%28199923%2946%3A4%3C745%3ATGAJWT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R, accessed October 22, 2007.
This article discusses the changes Jivaro society underwent with the introduction of more modern weapons, such as firearms. He believes that certain people in society are able to pursuade a great many others into war by use of these new technological weapons, and so, therefore, that they instigate more wars. Steel is a philosophy professor at Michigan State University.
Harner, Michael J.
1962 Jivaro Souls. American Anthropologist 64(2),http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-7294%28196204%292%3A64%3A2%3C258%3AJS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J" _fcksavedurl=">http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-7294%28196204%292%3A64%3A2%3C258%3AJS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J" href="http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-7294%28196204%292%3A64%3A2%3C258%3AJS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J" class="linkification-ext">http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-7294%28196204%292%3A64%3A2%3C258%3AJS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J, accessed October 22, 2007.
This article discusses religion among the Jivaro, specifically idea of multiple souls. Jivaro warriors believe that by killing an enemy, they gain that persons soul, and collecting these souls leads to immortality. It also discusses the cultural implications of these beliefs on the warlike Jivaro. Harner is the founder of the Foundation for Shamanic Studies.
END
Jivaro
[Anne Kim, ak13@geneseo.edu, 10/22]
Greene, Shane
2005 The Shaman's Needle: Development, Shamanic Agency, and Intermedicality in Aguaruna Lands, Peru, http://www.anthrosource.net/doi/abs/10.1525/ae.1998.25.4.634?prevSearch=%28jivaro%29+AND+%5Bkeyphrase%3A+%22development%22%5D, accessed October 22, 2007.
Greene compares analyzes the development in medicine, curing, and specific shamanic session. This article discusses the medical development, which demonstrates the social agency for native practitioners.
Gross, Daniel R.Protein Capture and Cultural Development in the Amazon Basin, http://www.anthrosource.net/doi/abs/10.1525/aa.1975.77.3.02a00040?prevSearch=%28jivaro%29+AND+%5Bkeyphrase%3A+%22development%22%5D, accessed October 22, 2007.
2004
This paper examines the aboriginal societies of the Amazon Basin. Previous discussions have focused mainly on agricultural potential. Evidence is presented from ethnography and ecology suggesting that fish and game are scarce, particularly away from major rivers. The effects which this limitation may have on Amazonian culture are discussed.
Whiting, John W. M.
2004 Winter Temperature as a Constraint to the Migration of Preindustrial Peoples, http://www.anthrosource.net/doi/abs/10.1525/aa.1982.84.2.02a00020?prevSearch=%28jivaro%29+AND+%5Bkeyphrase%3A+%22language%22%5D, accessed October 22, 2007.
The dispersion of preindustrial peoples is strongly related to winter temperature in two surprising respects. This study is based on a classification of societies by language. It introduces a statistical model to show that winter temperature isotherm has been an effective constraint to migration and expansion, and the dispersion of language phyla has been remarkably homogeneous in a certain temperature scale.
END
[Kaitlyn Northrop, krn3@geneseo.edu, 10/22]
Native Languages of the Americas
2007 Shuar(Jivaro) Language. Native Languages of the Americas. Electronic Document, http://www.native-languages.org/shuar.htm, accessed 21 October 2007
This site gives many links to websites that go into detail on things such as Shuar language, history, and rituals. It would be considered scholarly because it is originally created by a Cherokee man, who would have firsthand information about all of the information listed. It is now kept up by Laura Redish, a linguist, who would also have firsthand information from researching and spending time with the tribes involved.
University of California: Santa Barbara
2000 The Shuar: Hunter-Horticulturalist Amazonians of Southeast Ecuador. Electronic Document, http://www.uweb.ucsb.edu/%7Eeschniter/AMAZONIA/index.html, accessed October 17, 2007.
This site gives a lot of information on general things such as environment, economics, politics, etc. It goes into detail on reasons why the Jivaro do not like that name as well as giving some detail on head shrinking. It is scholarly because it contains many sources of information that must have been researched extensively. It would also be considered scholarly because it is published and kept up by the University of California.
Aufderheide, Arthur C.
2003 The Scientific Study of Mummies. Electronic document, http://books.google.com/books?id=P_xj3QTHHvoC&pg=PA92&lpg=PA92&dq=jivaro+head+hunting&source=web&ots=BoJLAxumvw&sig=xZotn-ORAr-emx_krbW0uiGXqO8#PPA31,M1, accessed October 20, 2007.
This site goes in depth into how te Jivaro go about the head shrinking and why it is so significant to them. It also tells about some of their beliefs and rituals. It would be considered scholarly because it was written by a man who studied the Jivaro extensively and therefore has a firsthand account of what actually happened among them.
END
[Adam Saunderes, ars11@geneseo.edu, 10/22/07]
Schniter, Eric
2000 Jivaroans / Ethnography. Electronic document, http://www.uweb.ucsb.edu/~eschniter/AMAZONIA/ethno.html, accessed October 22, 2007.
-This site encompasses much of what an Ethnographer would like at in a culture. It gives a basic overview and also talks about the cultures various subsistence strategies. The ideology and ritual practices as also discussed briefly. What this site is especially useful for is to see the people that are also associated with the Jivaro. It gives links to sites that pertain to those cultures as well.
Redish, Laura and Orrin Lewis
2007 Shuar (Jivaro). Electronic document, http://www.native-languages.org/shuar.htm, accessed October 22, 2007.
-Another page from Laura Redish’s page of language this time focusing on the Jivaro language called Shuar. This page gives a very in depth look at the Shuar language offering resources and various other cultural links to Jivaro resources as well as giving specific books that are related to the site that one interested in the language may want to purchase.
END
(Cameron Mack, cfm6@geneseo.edu, 10/22)
Scholarly Research on Jivaro
Rubenstein, Steven Lee
2007 Circulation, Accumulation, and the Power of Shrunken Heads. Cultural Anthropology 22(3): 357-399. Anthrosource, http://www.anthrosource.net/doi/pdfplus/10.1525/can.2007.22.3.357, accessed October 21, 2007.
Rubenstein analyzes the most popular aspect of the Jivaro culture, the shrunken heads. The author, who hails from the University of Liverpool, can be trusted to provide a detailed account of the Jivaro tribe, which he succeeded in accomplishing. The article is incredibly interesting and delves into a strange and unique phenomenon known as shrinking heads; which, for some reason, is now outlawed.
University of California at Santa Barbara
2000 The Shuar: Hunter-Horticulturalist Amazonians of Southeast Ecuador. Electronic document, http://www.uweb.ucsb.edu/%7Eeschniter/AMAZONIA/index.html, accessed October 21, 2007.
This website on the Shuar (Jivaro) provides the reader with an abundance of information and links on many aspects of their culture. This source is much broader than some of the other, more specific articles that I have been sighting; however, that in no way detracts from the idea of the site being scholarly. For one, the website was created by the University of California at Santa Barbara, which is, in fact, a scholarly source for information. This source was interesting and enjoyable to read about, and provided a ton of great information.
Native Languages of the Americas
2007 Shuar (Jivaro). Electronic document, http://native-languages.org/shuar.htm, accessed October 22, 2007.
This site provides many different links to scholarly sources. The site itself is scholarly because of the credibility of Laura Reddish, who works to preserve their language. The links are organized in a group manner that assists in searching for appropriate sources.
(Lok Yung Yam, ly5@geneseo.edu, 10/22)
Stirling, Matthew W.
1933 Head Hunters of the Amazon. The Scientific Monthly 36(3):264-266. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org, accessed October 22, 2007.
Abstract: This article talks about the background of head shrinking in Jivaro culture. It goes into Jivaro traditions and the reasoning behind head shrinking. It is scholarly because it was published in a scientific journal and screened by JSTOR.
Lewis, Walter H. and Memory P. Elvin-Lewis
1993 Medicinal Plants as Sources of New Therapeutics. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 82(1). JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org, accessed October 22, 2007.
Abstract: This article talks about the herbs and plants the Jivaro use for healthcare. It lists some of the thousands of plants and their medicinal uses. IT is scholarly because it was published in a scientific journal specifically tailored for this field, and it was screened by JSTOR.
Métraux, Alfred
1946 Twin Heroes in South American Mythology. The Journal of American Folklore 59 (232): 114-123. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org, accessed October 22, 2007.
Abstract: This article tells Jivaro myths and explains their cultural significance, as well as their possible origins. It is scholarly beause it was published in a journal that specialized in folklore and was screened by JSTOR.
Alfred Dilluvio Ajd12@geneseo.edu 10/23/07
University of California at Santa Barbara
2000 The Shuar: Hunter-Horticulturalist Amazonians of Southeast Ecuador. Electronic document, http://www.uweb.ucsb.edu/%7Eeschniter/AMAZONIA/index.html accessed October 20, 2007.
The webpage is loaded with references to articles appearing in scholarly journals.
Rubenstein, Steven Lee
2007 Circulation, Accumulation, and the Power of Shrunken Heads. Cultural Anthropology 22(3): 357-399. Anthrosource, http://www.anthrosource.net/doi/pdfplus/10.1525/can.2007.22.3.357, accessed October 20, 2007.
The author is a professor whose work is appearing in a scholarly journal. I think it is safe to say it is scholarly
Schniter, Eric
2000 Jivaroans/Ethnography. Electronic document. http://www.uweb.ucsb.edu/~eschniter/AMAZONIA/ethno.html, October 23, 2007
This is a link off one of the scholarly site I found. It is an article containing references to other sources.
[Steph Aquilina, sma8@geneseo.edu, 10/22]
Jivaro/Shuar Scholarly Web Research
Amazon Alliance
2003 June 2003 Investigative Mission to Indigenous Communities Affected By the Camisea Project – Upper and Lower Urubamba River Valley, Peru.
Environmental Defense. Pp. 1-6. Electronic document, http://www.amazonalliance.org/findings.pdf, accessed October 22, 2007.
This article describes findings for the Camisea Project in various communities in Peru. The project consists of extracting hundreds of millions of liquid petroleum gas, which potentially has a significantly large threat to the environment, the health, and the rights of native peoples to that area. It is scholarly because it is published by a sizeable organization dedicated to preserving indigenous rights, which is partnered with other national organizations in several different countries.
Jezic, Tamara and Jochnick, Chris
2000 The Meaning of Legal Victory in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Carnie Council for Ethics in International Affairs. Electronic document, http://
www.cceia.org/resources/publications/dialogue/2_02/articles/616.html, accessed October 22, 2007.
This article describes the politics that the Shuar must face in order to preserve their Amazonian territory. It is scholarly because it was published by the Carnegie Council.
Larson, Mildred L.
1963 Emic classes which manifest the obligatory tagmemes in major independent clause types of Aguaruna (Jivaro). In Studies in Peruvian Indian
Languages, 1. Waterhouse, Viola G., ed. Pp. 1-36. Norman: Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics and Related Fields.
Electronic document, Ethnologue, http://www.sil.org/acpub/repository/11364.pdf, accessed October 22, 2007.
This paper discusses linguistic features in Jivaro speech. It is scholarly because the author has published several related scholarly sources, as researched on Google Scholar. END
[Dan McConvey, dpm5@geneseo.edu, 9/23]
Blackwell, Aaron
2000 The Shuar Life History Project. Electronic Document,
http://www.uoregon.edu/~ablackwe/shuar/shuar_life_history_project.htm, accessed on October 23, 2007.
This article is about the child psychology process used on the Shuar health, subsistence, economy, parenting, reasoning, and demography. This article is about early stages of this childhood analysis.
This article is scholarly because it is written by Aaron Blackwell who is part of the Department of Anthropology at the University of Oregon. This article and project is interesting because it is still in the infantile stages. The information isn’t as scholarly as much as the potential that this project has to obtain a variety of new information.
Schniter, Eric
Jivarons/Ethnography. Electronic Document,
http://www.uweb.ucsb.edu/%7Eeschniter/AMAZONIA/ethno.html, accessed on October 23, 2007.
This article gives an overview of the jivaron’s three main sources of subsistence: farming, hunting and fishing, and gathering. This article also cover headhunting and shamanism within the culture.
This article is scholarly because all of the work is well referenced and extensively done by the Ph.D. student Eric Schniter within the Department of Anthropology in the University of California, Santa Barbara.
Amazon Alliance
2003 Investigative Mission to Indigenous Communities Affected By the Camisea
Project. Upper and Lower Urubamba River Valley, Peru. Electronic Document,
http://www.amazonalliance.org/findings.pdf, accessed on October 23, 2007.
This paper gives a description of the effects of the Camisea project on Indigenous Communities. The paper covers all of the environmental factors of this project. The plans that are instated to protect these commuties have been see as ineffective, untransparent, and in most cases ignored by the company entirely.
This article is scholarly because it is a part of the Amazon Alliance. This organization works to defend the rights, territories and environment of indigenous and traditional people of the Amazon basin.
-END-
Jivaro Charlie Genao Cg7@geneseo.edu 10/22/07
1. Steel, Daniel.
1999. Trade Goods and Jivaro Warfare: The Shaur 1850 to 1957 and the Achuar 1940 1978. Ethnohistory 46(4): 745-776, http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/ethnohistory/v046/46.4steel.html, accessed October 22, 2007.
Annotations: It describes the historical changes of the Jivaro in regards to warfare. The article goes on explaining the fact that better weapons gave more rise to warfare and it connects to their shrinking head practices. I think it is scholarly because it comes from JSTOR but more importantly the author’s background. Daniel steel works at the University of Pittsburgh as a professor.
2. The Foundation for Shamanic Studies.
American Anthropologist cheat sheet
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